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GNDU Question Paper-2023

Ba/BSc 5

Semester

PUNJAB HISTORY & CULTURE

(From 1849-1947 A.D.)

Time Allowed: 3 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 50

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The

Fifth question may be attempted from any section.

SECTION-A

1. Discuss First Anglo Sikh War.

2. Explain the working and achievements of Board of Administration of the British rule.

SECTION-B

3. Explain the British policy towards agriculture, trade and industry.

4. Describe the spread of modern education in Punjab.

SECTION-C

5. Discuss socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Arya Samaj's

contribution to the society in Punjab.

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6. Discuss the circumstances and consequences of Jallianwala Bagh tragedy.

SECTION-D

7. Write a detailed note on causes of origin of Gurudwara Reform Movement.

8. Discuss the Non-cooperation and Quit India Movement.

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GNDU Answer Paper-2023

Ba/BSc 5

Semester

PUNJAB HISTORY & CULTURE

(From 1849-1947 A.D.)

Time Allowed: 3 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 50

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The

Fifth question may be attempted from any section.

SECTION-A

1. Discuss First Anglo Sikh War.

Ans: The First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846) was a major conflict between the Sikh Empire

and the British East India Company (EIC). This war played a significant role in shaping the

future of the Punjab region and led to the eventual British annexation of the region.

Causes of the War:

The war's roots lay in the weakening of the Sikh Empire following the death of Maharaja

Ranjit Singh in 1839. His leadership had unified and strengthened the empire, but his death

led to political instability. Various factions within the Sikh Empire vied for power, and this

internal strife weakened the state. At the same time, the British East India Company was

expanding its influence across India. British officials were particularly interested in the

Punjab due to its strategic location and resources. The tensions between the two powers

escalated, especially after the Sikhs crossed the Sutlej River, violating the terms of the 1809

Treaty of Amritsar, which had established the river as a boundary between the two

territories.

The Battles of the War:

The First Anglo-Sikh War began in December 1845 and lasted until February 1846, with

several major battles.

1. Battle of Mudki (18 December 1845): This was the first major battle, and the British,

led by Sir Hugh Gough, faced a strong Sikh force. Despite the numerical superiority of

the Sikhs, the British won the battle due to better coordination and artillery.

However, this victory came at a high cost, with heavy casualties on both sides.

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2. Battle of Ferozeshah (21-22 December 1845): This was one of the most significant

and bloody battles of the war. The British, though initially outnumbered, launched

aggressive infantry attacks on the Sikh positions. Despite their eventual victory, the

British suffered substantial losses. The battle revealed the high level of Sikh military

organization, particularly their effective artillery. However, poor leadership on the

Sikh side, including treachery by commanders like Tej Singh, weakened their efforts.

3. Battle of Aliwal (28 January 1846): The British achieved another victory under the

command of Sir Harry Smith. This battle saw the defeat of a Sikh force led by

Ranjodh Singh Majithia, who allowed his army to be cornered against the Sutlej

River. This battle was crucial for the British, as it further weakened the Sikh war

effort.

4. Battle of Sobraon (10 February 1846): This was the final and decisive battle of the

war. The British, once again led by Sir Hugh Gough, attacked well-fortified Sikh

positions. Despite fierce resistance, the Sikhs were eventually defeated. The British

captured important artillery and inflicted heavy losses on the Sikh army.

Reasons for the Sikh Defeat:

While the Sikhs had a strong and well-trained army, their defeat was largely due to internal

divisions and poor leadership. Commanders like Lal Singh and Tej Singh were accused of

betraying their own troops, as they either failed to support their soldiers or intentionally

withdrew from battle at critical moments. Many historians believe these commanders

collaborated with the British to secure their own political positions within the Sikh Empire

after the war.

Another disadvantage for the Sikhs was their defensive strategy. Despite having a larger

army, they did not take advantage of their numerical superiority and rarely launched

offensive attacks. Instead, they often stayed behind fortifications, allowing the British to

regroup and strengthen their forces.

Aftermath of the War:

Following the Sikh defeat at the Battle of Sobraon, the Treaty of Lahore was signed in March

1846. The treaty had several key provisions that greatly weakened the Sikh Empire:

• The Sikhs had to cede valuable territory, including the Jullundur Doab, to the British.

• The Sikh army was drastically reduced in size.

• Maharaja Duleep Singh, the young son of Ranjit Singh, remained the nominal ruler of

the Punjab, but a British Resident was stationed in Lahore, effectively placing the

region under British control.

The war marked the beginning of the end for the independent Sikh Empire. Although the

Punjab was not fully annexed until after the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849, the First Anglo-

Sikh War significantly reduced Sikh autonomy and paved the way for British domination in

the region.

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Conclusion:

The First Anglo-Sikh War was a short but intense conflict that highlighted the strength and

resilience of the Sikh military. However, the internal divisions within the Sikh leadership,

combined with the superior resources and coordination of the British, led to the downfall of

the Sikh Empire. The war had lasting consequences, as it set the stage for the eventual

annexation of Punjab into British India and marked a turning point in the region's history

2. Explain the working and achievements of Board of Administration of the British rule.

Ans: Introduction

The British rule in India lasted from the mid-18th century until 1947. During this period, the

British established a complex administrative system to manage their colonies. The Board of

Administration, often referred to in different contexts (like the British East India Company

and later the Crown rule), played a crucial role in governance.

The Structure of British Administration

1. The British East India Company

Initially, the British East India Company governed India. It was a commercial enterprise that

gradually took on administrative functions.

• Foundation: Established in 1600, the Company started as a trading body.

• Expansion: Over the 18th century, it expanded its control through military conquests

and treaties.

2. Transition to Crown Rule

Following the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, the British government took direct control.

• Government of India Act 1858: This act transferred authority from the East India

Company to the British Crown.

• The Viceroy: The British monarch appointed a Viceroy to oversee administration in

India, supported by a Council.

Functions of the Board of Administration

1. Revenue Collection

The British administration revamped the tax system:

• Land Revenue: They introduced systems like the Zamindari system, where landlords

collected taxes from peasants.

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• Revenue Policies: Policies aimed at maximizing revenue led to significant financial

resources for the British government.

2. Law and Order

Maintaining law and order was essential for stability:

• Judicial System: The British established courts based on English law.

• Police Force: A modern police system was created to enforce laws and maintain

order.

3. Infrastructure Development

The British developed infrastructure to facilitate trade and administration:

• Railways: They built an extensive railway network to move troops and goods

efficiently.

• Telecommunications: Telegraph lines were installed to improve communication.

4. Education and Social Reform

The British played a role in promoting education and certain social reforms:

• Western Education: They introduced Western-style education, leading to the

establishment of schools and universities.

• Social Reforms: Reforms targeted issues like sati (the practice of widow immolation)

and child marriage.

Achievements of the British Administration

1. Economic Impact

The British administration significantly influenced India's economy:

• Resource Extraction: India became a source of raw materials for British industries.

• Market Development: British policies integrated India into the global economy,

creating new markets.

2. Administrative Reforms

The British established a modern administrative framework:

• Bureaucracy: A professional bureaucracy emerged, providing a model for future

governance.

• Civil Services: The Indian Civil Services (ICS) became an elite group that managed

administration.

3. Nationalism and Political Awareness

The British rule inadvertently fostered a sense of nationalism:

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• Awakening: Educational reforms and exposure to Western ideas led to a growing

awareness of rights and self-governance.

• Political Movements: This awareness culminated in the rise of movements seeking

independence.

Challenges Faced by the Board of Administration

1. Resistance and Rebellions

The British faced significant resistance from various groups:

• Sepoy Mutiny: The 1857 uprising was a major challenge, highlighting dissatisfaction

with British policies.

• Revolutionary Movements: Various groups emerged, advocating for independence.

2. Cultural Tensions

The British often misinterpreted Indian cultures:

• Cultural Insensitivity: Policies sometimes disregarded local customs, leading to

resentment.

• Religious Tensions: The divide-and-rule policy exacerbated communal tensions.

Conclusion

The Board of Administration under British rule left a lasting legacy in India. While it

introduced modern administrative practices and infrastructure development, it also faced

criticism for exploitation and cultural insensitivity. The complexities of British rule

contributed to the rise of nationalism and the eventual struggle for independence, shaping

India's future.

SECTION-B

3. Explain the British policy towards agriculture, trade and industry.

Ans: The British policy towards agriculture, trade, and industry in Punjab from 1849 to 1947

was shaped by their economic interests and desire to control the region effectively. Here's a

simplified explanation of these policies in an easy-to-understand way:

Agriculture Policy

Agriculture was the backbone of Punjab's economy, and the British recognized its

importance for revenue generation. Their policies were aimed at increasing agricultural

output and revenue collection but often had long-term consequences for the farmers.

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1. Land Revenue System

The British introduced new systems to collect revenue from agricultural produce. These

systems often put a heavy burden on farmers:

• Fixed Land Revenue: Farmers had to pay a fixed amount of money to the British

government, regardless of how much they earned from their crops. If crops failed

due to bad weather or pests, farmers still had to pay, leading many into debt.

• Zamindari System: In this system, landlords or zamindars were responsible for

collecting taxes from peasants. This gave the zamindars significant power over

farmers and resulted in exploitation, as zamindars demanded high taxes, leaving

peasants poor.

2. Irrigation Projects

To increase agricultural productivity, the British introduced large-scale irrigation systems in

Punjab. These projects transformed dry, barren lands into fertile fields:

• Canal Colonies: The British constructed a vast network of canals in areas like the Bari

Doab, Chenab Colony, and Sindh Sagar Doab. These canal colonies made Punjab one

of the most productive agricultural regions in India.

• Benefits and Drawbacks: While irrigation improved crop yields and provided jobs to

many peasants, it also resulted in the displacement of local communities and the

concentration of land in the hands of wealthy landlords.

3. Cash Crop Farming

The British encouraged the growth of cash crops like wheat, cotton, and sugarcane, which

could be exported to Britain and other parts of the empire. This policy had several effects:

• Shift in Farming Practices: Farmers began to focus more on growing crops for export

rather than for local consumption, which sometimes led to food shortages.

• Dependence on International Markets: The prices of these cash crops were

determined by global markets. If international prices fell, farmers suffered heavy

losses.

Trade Policy

The British trade policies were designed to make India, including Punjab, a supplier of raw

materials and a market for British manufactured goods. These policies had both positive and

negative impacts on local economies.

1. Export of Raw Materials

Punjab became an important region for exporting raw materials, especially agricultural

products:

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• Wheat and Cotton: Punjab's wheat and cotton were in high demand in Britain.

Wheat was needed to feed the growing British population, while cotton was

essential for Britain's textile industry.

• Impact on Local Economy: The export of these raw materials brought some wealth

to Punjab, but much of it was concentrated in the hands of landlords and British

officials. The ordinary farmers and laborers saw little improvement in their living

conditions.

2. Import of British Goods

To maintain control over the Indian market, the British flooded Punjab with manufactured

goods from Britain:

• Cheap British Goods: British textiles and other manufactured products were sold at

low prices in Punjab, undercutting local artisans and industries.

• Decline of Traditional Industries: The influx of cheap British goods led to the decline

of Punjab's traditional industries, such as handloom weaving and pottery. Many local

artisans were forced to abandon their crafts and seek work as laborers or farmers.

3. Transport Infrastructure

To facilitate the movement of goods, the British invested in building infrastructure in

Punjab:

• Railways and Roads: Railways connected Punjab to major ports, making it easier to

export raw materials and import British goods. Roads were also improved to ensure

efficient transport.

• Control of Trade: While the infrastructure helped trade, it primarily benefited British

interests, as it allowed them to quickly transport raw materials from Punjab to

Britain and bring back finished goods.

Industry Policy

The British policy towards industry in Punjab was not as focused on industrial development

as in other parts of India, like Bengal. Instead, Punjab was seen more as a supplier of

agricultural products and raw materials. However, there were still some important

developments in the region’s industrial sector.

1. Limited Industrialization

While industrialization did take place in India, the British did not actively promote it in

Punjab:

• Small-Scale Industry: There was some growth in small-scale industries, such as

cotton ginning and flour milling. These industries processed raw materials like cotton

and wheat before exporting them.

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• Absence of Large-Scale Factories: Unlike Bengal, Punjab did not see the rise of large-

scale factories. The British were more interested in keeping Punjab as an agricultural

region to supply raw materials.

2. Military-Related Industries

Punjab became an important region for recruiting soldiers for the British Indian Army. This

had some industrial implications:

• Manufacturing for the Army: Small industries that produced military goods, such as

uniforms, boots, and tents, emerged in Punjab to support the British army.

• Employment Opportunities: The recruitment of soldiers from Punjab provided some

employment opportunities, especially for people from rural areas.

3. Urbanization and Industrial Growth

With the development of infrastructure and the growth of small industries, some urban

centers in Punjab began to grow:

• Emergence of Cities: Cities like Lahore and Amritsar became important industrial

and trade centers. Lahore, in particular, grew as a center for education,

administration, and commerce.

• Industrial Workforce: As industries grew, so did the demand for labor. Many rural

workers migrated to urban areas in search of jobs in small industries and factories.

Conclusion

The British policies towards agriculture, trade, and industry in Punjab from 1849 to 1947

were driven by their colonial interests. While these policies led to some development in

terms of infrastructure and agriculture, they primarily benefited the British and a small

group of wealthy landowners. Farmers, artisans, and laborers, on the other hand, often

suffered from exploitation and poverty. The focus on cash crops and raw material exports

made Punjab dependent on international markets, and the decline of traditional industries

left many without stable livelihoods.

These policies had a lasting impact on Punjab’s economy, shaping its agricultural and

industrial landscape even after India's independence in 1947.

4. Describe the spread of modern education in Punjab.

Ans: The Spread of Modern Education in Punjab (1849-1947)

The spread of modern education in Punjab began after the British annexation of the region

in 1849. The British wanted to promote their political and economic interests, and

education became an important tool to achieve this. They introduced a new education

system that was different from the traditional one, focusing on Western ideas and methods.

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Before British rule, education in Punjab was mainly religious, provided through temples,

mosques, and gurudwaras, with a focus on traditional subjects like languages, scriptures,

and moral teachings.

1. Early Efforts by the British Government (1849 onwards)

After the British took control of Punjab, they realized the need for an educated workforce to

run their administration. The British began establishing schools that taught English, science,

and modern subjects, unlike the traditional schools which focused on religious teachings.

• Role of Governor-General Lord Dalhousie: Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of

India, was instrumental in promoting modern education. He believed that educating

the local population would help create a class of educated Indians who could assist

the British administration.

• Wood’s Dispatch (1854): A significant turning point in education policy across India,

including Punjab, was Wood’s Dispatch, which emphasized the importance of mass

education. It recommended the establishment of a system of government-funded

schools, colleges, and universities. The dispatch encouraged the teaching of English

as well as Indian languages and the inclusion of Western knowledge alongside

traditional education.

2. Establishment of Educational Institutions

The British administration actively promoted the establishment of new schools and colleges

in Punjab. These institutions were different from traditional ones and provided modern

education based on the Western curriculum.

• Government Schools: The first government school in Punjab was established in 1851

in Lahore. It marked the beginning of a structured modern education system. Over

the years, more schools were established in different cities and rural areas.

• Christian Missionaries: Christian missionaries played a significant role in spreading

modern education in Punjab. They established schools to spread Christianity, but at

the same time, they provided quality education to both boys and girls. For instance,

the Ludhiana Mission School (established in 1834) and the Lawrence Asylum (1853)

at Sanawar were notable initiatives.

• Punjabi University: The establishment of the University of the Punjab in Lahore in

1882 was a landmark in the development of higher education in the region. It

became the center for modern education in Punjab and attracted students from all

over the region.

3. Growth of Vernacular Education

Although English education was emphasized, the British also realized the importance of

educating the masses in their local languages. Thus, vernacular schools that taught in

Punjabi, Urdu, and Hindi were also encouraged.

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• Punjab Education Act (1860): The British government passed the Punjab Education

Act, which focused on promoting vernacular education. Vernacular schools were

opened in villages and small towns, allowing local populations to access basic

education in their native languages.

• Primary and Middle Schools: By the end of the 19th century, a large network of

primary and middle schools had been established in Punjab, both government and

private. These schools aimed to provide basic literacy and numeracy skills to

children, particularly in rural areas.

4. Higher Education and Professional Courses

Modern education in Punjab was not limited to primary and secondary education. The

British administration also laid the foundation for higher education and professional

training.

• Colleges: Several colleges were established in Punjab during British rule. For

example, Government College, Lahore, established in 1864, became one of the

premier educational institutions in Punjab. Colleges like Aitchison College (1886) and

Forman Christian College (1864) were also instrumental in promoting higher

education.

• Professional Education: The British also recognized the need for professional training

in fields like engineering, law, and medicine. The Punjab Engineering College

(established in 1921) and King Edward Medical College (1860) in Lahore provided

specialized training in these fields. This contributed to the development of a class of

professionals in Punjab who could serve in government jobs or private enterprises.

5. Education for Women

Before British rule, education for women in Punjab was almost non-existent, especially in

rural areas where girls were generally not allowed to attend school. However, the British

administration and Christian missionaries took steps to improve women’s education.

• Missionary Schools for Girls: Christian missionaries were among the first to promote

girls' education in Punjab. They opened schools specifically for girls in major towns

and cities. The Kinnaird College for Women (1913) in Lahore became a notable

institution that provided higher education for women.

• Government Support: By the early 20th century, the British government had started

taking more concrete steps to encourage women's education. Schools for girls were

opened in both urban and rural areas, and efforts were made to ensure that

education was accessible to girls from all social and economic backgrounds.

6. Role of Social Reformers

Various social reformers in Punjab also played a crucial role in promoting modern education

during British rule. These reformers worked to remove social barriers and encourage people

to send their children to school.

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• Arya Samaj: The Arya Samaj, founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati in 1875, made

significant contributions to education in Punjab. The movement emphasized the

need for modern education and opened schools that taught both religious and

modern subjects. The Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) schools and colleges, established

by Arya Samaj, became an important part of Punjab's educational system.

• Singh Sabha Movement: The Singh Sabha movement, which started in the late 19th

century, also promoted modern education among the Sikh community. The Singh

Sabha established schools and colleges for Sikh boys and girls, promoting both

religious and modern education. Khalsa College in Amritsar (1892) became one of

the most important educational institutions for the Sikh community.

7. Challenges in Education

Despite these efforts, the spread of modern education in Punjab faced several challenges.

• Limited Access for the Rural Population: While urban areas saw significant growth in

modern education, rural areas lagged. Many children in rural areas did not have

access to modern schools and continued to rely on traditional forms of education.

• Social Barriers: Education for girls and lower-caste communities was still limited due

to social prejudices. Many families were reluctant to send their daughters to school,

and caste-based discrimination meant that lower-caste children had fewer

opportunities for education.

• Language and Cultural Conflicts: The British emphasis on English education created

tensions with local traditions. Many people were concerned that Western education

would lead to the erosion of Punjabi culture and language. This led to some

resistance against English education, particularly among conservative sections of

society.

8. Conclusion

The spread of modern education in Punjab during British rule laid the foundation for the

region’s intellectual and social development. The establishment of schools, colleges, and

universities, combined with the efforts of social reformers, helped create a class of educated

individuals who played an important role in the socio-political changes in Punjab. Despite

challenges, the education system evolved and expanded, impacting the region’s future.

By 1947, when India gained independence, Punjab had a well-established educational

infrastructure, and many of its institutions continued to play a significant role in the post-

independence period. The modernization of education in Punjab helped shape its political

leadership, professional class, and intellectual discourse for years to come.

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SECTION-C

5. Discuss socio-religious reform movements with special reference to Arya Samaj's

contribution to the society in Punjab.

Ans: Introduction to Socio-Religious Reform Movements in Punjab (1849-1947)

The 19th and early 20th centuries were periods of significant social and religious change in

India, particularly in Punjab. During this time, various socio-religious reform movements

emerged to address issues like caste discrimination, religious orthodoxy, and social

injustices such as the position of women in society. British rule had brought new ideas of

modernity and reform through education, and many Indian intellectuals and leaders wanted

to reshape their society by reviving certain religious practices while rejecting harmful

traditions.

Punjab, a region with a diverse population of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs, saw the rise of

important reform movements. The key movements were often tied to religious

organizations that worked to reform their respective communities. These movements aimed

to combine the best of Indian traditions with modern values and ideas introduced by British

education and Western philosophies.

One of the most significant movements during this period was the Arya Samaj, founded by

Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875. The Arya Samaj played a major role in reforming Hindu

society in Punjab.

Arya Samaj: Its Origins and Beliefs

Swami Dayanand Saraswati, born in Gujarat, was a strong critic of idolatry and religious

superstitions. He believed that many of the religious practices followed by Hindus had

strayed far from the original teachings of the Vedas, which he considered the ultimate

source of truth. He called for a return to these ancient scriptures and rejected later

additions to Hinduism that promoted idol worship, the caste system, and ritualism.

In 1875, he founded the Arya Samaj in Bombay (now Mumbai) to propagate his ideas.

Although the movement started in western India, it gained massive popularity in Punjab,

where the Arya Samaj became a major force for social and religious change.

Arya Samaj's Contribution to Punjab Society

1. Promotion of Education: Arya Samaj believed that education was key to social

reform. They set up schools and colleges in Punjab, especially for girls, at a time

when female education was discouraged. The movement established Dayanand

Anglo-Vedic (DAV) schools and colleges, which combined Western scientific

education with Vedic teachings. The first DAV College was founded in Lahore in

1886. This spread modern education among Hindus and contributed to intellectual

awakening in Punjab.

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2. Opposition to Caste System: One of the most significant contributions of Arya Samaj

was its stand against the rigid caste system. The movement preached the equality of

all human beings, arguing that the Vedic texts did not support caste discrimination.

Arya Samaj followers rejected untouchability and encouraged inter-caste marriages.

By promoting these ideas, Arya Samaj helped weaken the social barriers that divided

people in Punjab.

3. Campaign against Religious Superstitions: Arya Samaj aimed to rid Hinduism of

practices it considered corrupt or superstitious. Swami Dayanand criticized idol

worship, pilgrimages, sacrifices, and priestly dominance. In Punjab, Arya Samaj

leaders organized public debates and discourses to promote rational thinking and

discourage blind faith. Their emphasis was on the Vedic texts, which they believed

were free from such superstitions.

4. Women’s Rights and Social Reforms: Arya Samaj worked actively to improve the

condition of women in Punjab. The movement promoted widow remarriage and

opposed practices like child marriage and dowry. They established schools for girls,

encouraging them to gain education and participate in social life. The Arya Samaj's

focus on women's upliftment was a critical step toward gender equality in Punjab.

5. Religious Revival and Conversion Efforts: Arya Samaj was also involved in the

Shuddhi Movement, which aimed to bring people who had converted to other

religions, especially Islam and Christianity, back into the Hindu fold. This was

particularly significant in Punjab, where many people had converted under the

influence of the British and Muslim rulers. The Shuddhi Movement was seen as a

way to protect and revive Hinduism in a region with a strong presence of other

faiths.

6. Nationalism and Anti-British Sentiment: Arya Samaj was not just a religious reform

movement; it also played a role in the political awakening of Punjab. Many leaders of

Arya Samaj were involved in the Indian independence movement. The movement

promoted Swadeshi (the use of Indian goods), opposed British rule, and encouraged

people to fight for self-reliance and independence. Leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai, who

was deeply influenced by Arya Samaj principles, became prominent figures in the

struggle for India’s freedom.

7. Interfaith Relations and Challenges: Although Arya Samaj had a positive impact on

Hindu society, its aggressive stance against other religions, especially Islam and

Christianity, sometimes led to tensions. The Shuddhi Movement, in particular, was

viewed with suspicion by Muslim leaders, who felt that Arya Samaj was trying to

weaken their influence in Punjab. This created some religious conflicts in the region,

although Arya Samaj leaders argued that their goal was to protect Hindu society

from conversions, not to provoke hostility.

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Arya Samaj’s Influence on Modern Punjab

The Arya Samaj's influence in Punjab lasted well into the 20th century. Even after India’s

independence in 1947, the Arya Samaj continued to promote social reforms, particularly in

education and women’s rights. Its educational institutions, like DAV schools and colleges,

became some of the most prestigious in northern India. The ideas of equality, rational

thinking, and gender reform that Arya Samaj promoted laid the foundation for many of the

progressive changes seen in Punjab society over the decades.

Conclusion

The socio-religious reform movements in Punjab, particularly the Arya Samaj, played a

crucial role in shaping the region's modern identity. Arya Samaj’s efforts in education, caste

reform, women's rights, and religious revival significantly impacted Hindu society in Punjab.

Although its aggressive stance on other religions sometimes created tensions, its broader

mission of social upliftment and national awakening made Arya Samaj one of the most

influential movements of the time. Through its schools, colleges, and reform campaigns,

Arya Samaj left a lasting legacy that continues to shape Punjab’s culture and society today.

By promoting a blend of modern education and ancient Vedic wisdom, Arya Samaj helped

Punjab transition from a feudal society to a more progressive and rational one. Its

contributions to the social, religious, and political life of the region remain a vital chapter in

the history of Punjab during British rule.

6. Discuss the circumstances and consequences of Jallianwala Bagh tragedy.

Ans: Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy: Circumstances and Consequences

Background and Circumstances Leading to the Tragedy

The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy occurred on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar, Punjab, and is one of

the darkest events in Indian history. To understand why this event took place, we must first

look at the political environment of the time.

1. Colonial Rule and Indian Discontent: India was under British colonial rule, and many

Indians were unhappy with British policies. The Rowlatt Act of 1919 was one of the

main reasons behind the unrest. The act allowed the British government to arrest

and imprison anyone suspected of terrorism without a trial. This law caused

widespread anger among Indians, as it severely limited their freedoms and rights.

2. Gandhi’s Role: At the same time, Mahatma Gandhi had become a prominent figure

in the Indian independence movement. He introduced the idea of non-violent

protests, which attracted many followers. Gandhi launched a non-cooperation

movement against the British government in response to the Rowlatt Act.

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3. Growing Tensions in Punjab: Punjab, in particular, was a region where tensions were

rising. Several protests were organized, and the British were becoming increasingly

concerned about the growing unrest. The British government, trying to control the

situation, arrested two prominent leaders, Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew,

on April 9, 1919. Their arrest angered the people of Amritsar, leading to

demonstrations.

4. Martial Law: The British government declared martial law in parts of Punjab, which

meant that normal legal rights were suspended. The British authorities were given

more power to control the region through strict measures, which only increased

public anger.

5. Jallianwala Bagh Meeting: On April 13, 1919, a large group of people gathered at

Jallianwala Bagh, a public garden in Amritsar, to peacefully protest the arrest of their

leaders and express their discontent with British rule. The gathering also coincided

with the Baisakhi festival, a major Sikh festival, and many people were present in the

park for the celebration as well.

The Tragedy

On the day of the gathering, General Reginald Dyer, a British officer, entered Jallianwala

Bagh with a group of soldiers. Without warning the crowd or allowing them to disperse,

Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on the unarmed men, women, and children in the park.

1. Unrestricted Firing: The firing continued for about 10 minutes, and the soldiers used

1,650 rounds of ammunition. People had no way to escape, as Jallianwala Bagh was

enclosed by walls and had only a few narrow exits, which were blocked by the British

troops.

2. Massacre: It is estimated that around 379 people were killed, and over 1,000 were

injured, although some Indian sources claim that the numbers were much higher.

Immediate Consequences

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre had a profound impact on India, both immediately and in the

long term.

1. Shock and Outrage: The massacre shocked the entire nation. Indians, regardless of

their political views, were united in condemning the brutality of the British

government. The event severely damaged the relationship between the British rulers

and the Indian public.

2. International Outrage: The incident was also widely condemned internationally.

Many people in Britain were horrified when they learned about the massacre.

However, the British government defended General Dyer’s actions initially, even

though there were debates about his role.

3. Hunter Commission: In response to the public outcry, the British government

formed the Hunter Commission in 1920 to investigate the incident. While the

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commission criticized Dyer’s actions, no real punishment was given. General Dyer

was simply relieved of his duties and retired. This lack of accountability further

angered the Indian public.

4. Gandhi’s Reaction: Mahatma Gandhi, who had been advocating for peaceful

cooperation with the British, became convinced that India could not remain under

British rule. As a result, he called for Purna Swaraj (complete self-rule) and launched

the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920, encouraging Indians to boycott British

goods, institutions, and services.

Long-Term Consequences

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre had far-reaching consequences that reshaped the Indian

independence movement.

1. Rise of Nationalism: The massacre intensified Indian nationalism and the desire for

independence. People who were previously moderate in their views now supported

the idea of complete independence from British rule. Leaders like Rabindranath

Tagore renounced their British honors in protest. Tagore, who had been knighted by

the British, gave up his title as a mark of protest against the massacre.

2. Turning Point for Revolutionaries: For many, the event was a turning point that

shifted their approach towards the British government. Some individuals and groups

turned towards more radical means, believing that peaceful protests alone would

not be enough to achieve independence.

3. Increased Repression by the British: In the short term, the British government

responded to the growing unrest with even more repression. Martial law continued

in Punjab, and the authorities arrested thousands of people who participated in

protests. However, this only further alienated the Indian population.

4. Formation of the Indian National Congress: The massacre also solidified the role of

the Indian National Congress (INC) as the leading force in the independence

movement. The Congress became more organized and vocal in its demands for self-

rule.

5. The Event’s Legacy: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre remains a symbol of British

oppression in India. Every year, people visit the site to pay tribute to the victims. The

event is remembered not just for the lives lost, but also for the way it transformed

the Indian struggle for independence. It serves as a reminder of the brutality of

colonial rule and the resilience of the Indian people in their fight for freedom.

Conclusion

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a turning point in the history of British India. It exposed

the cruelty of British colonialism and united Indians in their demand for independence.

While it was a tragic and horrifying event, it also strengthened the resolve of Indians to fight

for their rights and ultimately led to the end of British rule in India in 1947.

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The event remains a symbol of the sacrifices made by countless Indians in their quest for

freedom.

SECTION-D

7. Write a detailed note on causes of origin of Gurudwara Reform Movement.

Ans; The Gurudwara Reform Movement, also known as the Akali Movement, was a

significant socio-religious movement in Punjab during the early 20th century. It aimed at

freeing Sikh gurdwaras (temples) from corrupt mahants (priests) who had gained control

over these religious institutions during the British rule. These mahants, often backed by the

colonial administration, were accused of mismanaging the gurdwaras and violating Sikh

principles. The movement emerged in response to various political, social, and religious

factors, and it played a crucial role in reviving Sikh identity and asserting control over their

religious places.

Background of the Gurdwara Reform Movement

Before diving into the causes of the movement, it is essential to understand the background.

During the 19th century, after the fall of the Sikh Empire in 1849, the British took control of

Punjab. The British rulers were not deeply involved in managing the Sikh gurdwaras directly

but allowed local mahants and priests to manage these institutions. Over time, these

mahants, many of whom were not Sikhs, began exploiting the wealth of the gurdwaras,

indulging in immoral practices, and ignoring Sikh religious traditions.

As a result, the gurdwaras, which were meant to be centers of religious and social life for

Sikhs, became centers of corruption and malpractice. This caused great resentment among

the Sikh community, and by the early 20th century, the need for reform had become urgent.

Causes of the Gurudwara Reform Movement

1. Corruption and Mismanagement by Mahants: The most immediate cause of the

Gurudwara Reform Movement was the rampant corruption in the gurdwaras. The

mahants, who were responsible for managing the religious institutions, misused

their positions. They accumulated wealth, often for personal gain, and neglected

their religious duties. There were reports of mahants drinking alcohol, keeping

concubines, and allowing inappropriate activities in the gurdwaras. Such behavior

was in direct violation of Sikh values, leading to widespread dissatisfaction among

the Sikh community.

2. Loss of Sikh Control over Gurdwaras: Over time, the management of key Sikh

shrines, including the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple), fell into the hands of

people who were either Hindus or had little respect for Sikh religious principles.

These individuals did not follow the teachings of Sikhism, further alienating the Sikh

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masses. Many gurdwaras were treated like personal property, with the mahants

behaving more like landlords than custodians of religious sites. This loss of control

over their own religious institutions deeply hurt the Sikh psyche.

3. Impact of the Singh Sabha Movement: In the late 19th century, the Singh Sabha

Movement had already started working towards the revival of Sikh identity and

religious purity. It was a response to the Christian missionaries and Arya Samajists

who questioned Sikh beliefs. The Singh Sabha leaders focused on the promotion of

Sikh education, the preservation of Sikh culture, and the proper management of

gurdwaras. Although the movement had a limited focus on gurdwara reform, it laid

the foundation for the Gurudwara Reform Movement by emphasizing the need to

preserve Sikh traditions.

4. Religious Revival and Assertion of Sikh Identity: By the early 20th century, Sikhs

began to feel the need to assert their religious identity more strongly. This was partly

a response to growing communal tensions and the rise of other religious revival

movements, such as the Arya Samaj and Muslim movements, which often sought to

convert or challenge Sikhs. The need to protect Sikhism from external influences

became urgent, and controlling gurdwaras became a key aspect of safeguarding Sikh

religious and cultural identity.

5. Political Awareness and Role of the Akali Dal: The growing political awareness

among Sikhs was another important factor behind the movement. Many Sikhs had

become politically active in response to British colonial rule, and organizations like

the Shiromani Akali Dal, which was formed in 1920, began to champion the cause of

gurdwara reform. The Akali Dal mobilized the masses, organizing protests and rallies

to demand the transfer of gurdwara management from corrupt mahants to the Sikh

community.

6. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and Growing Anti-British Sentiment: The Jallianwala

Bagh Massacre of 1919, where hundreds of Indians were killed by British troops

during a peaceful protest, deeply shocked the Sikh community. Many Sikhs had

gathered at the Harmandir Sahib during the massacre. The event increased anti-

British sentiments, and the colonial government’s support of the corrupt mahants

only further fueled the desire for gurdwara reform. Sikhs began to see the control of

their religious institutions as part of the broader struggle for independence from

British rule.

7. Social Reform and Sikh Women’s Involvement: The movement also had a strong

element of social reform. Sikh women, in particular, played an active role in the

Gurudwara Reform Movement. They participated in protests, defied British orders,

and stood alongside men in the struggle for gurdwara control. The involvement of

women helped broaden the movement’s base, turning it into a mass movement for

social justice and religious purity.

8. British Support for Mahants: The British colonial government often sided with the

mahants to maintain control over the Sikh community. Since the British wanted to

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avoid political unrest, they preferred dealing with the mahants, who were loyal to

them, rather than allowing the Akalis or the Sikh masses to take control. This support

for the mahants further inflamed Sikh anger, as they saw it as an attempt by the

British to weaken their religion.

Major Events in the Gurudwara Reform Movement

1. Nankana Sahib Massacre (1921): One of the most tragic events during the

movement was the Nankana Sahib Massacre. A group of peaceful Sikhs led by Bhai

Lachhman Singh attempted to take control of the Nankana Sahib gurdwara from the

corrupt mahants. However, they were attacked, and many Sikhs were killed. This

incident outraged the Sikh community and further strengthened their resolve to free

the gurdwaras.

2. Formation of SGPC (Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee): In 1920, the

Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) was formed to manage Sikh

gurdwaras. It became the official body responsible for overseeing the management

of gurdwaras, ensuring that they adhered to Sikh religious principles. The SGPC

played a crucial role in coordinating the efforts of the movement and negotiating

with the British government.

3. Gurdwara Act of 1925: The culmination of the Gurudwara Reform Movement was

the passing of the Sikh Gurdwaras Act of 1925 by the British government. This act

handed over the control of Sikh gurdwaras to the Sikh community and the SGPC,

marking a major victory for the movement.

Conclusion

The Gurudwara Reform Movement was a pivotal chapter in Sikh history. It was not just a

struggle for control over religious institutions but also a broader movement for the revival

of Sikh identity, social justice, and political freedom. The movement succeeded in liberating

Sikh gurdwaras from corrupt mahants and laid the foundation for a stronger and more

united Sikh community, both in religious and political terms. The movement also played a

crucial role in the broader Indian struggle for independence, as it mobilized Sikhs to take a

stand against both religious corruption and colonial rule.

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8. Discuss the Non-cooperation and Quit India Movement.

Ans: The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) and Quit India Movement (1942) in

Indian History

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant part of India's struggle for independence

from British rule. It was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 after the Jallianwala Bagh

Massacre in 1919 and the Khilafat Movement to protest British colonial policies.

Background and Causes:

1. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919): The brutal killing of hundreds of unarmed Indians

by British troops in Amritsar angered the nation and was a major factor that led to

the Non-Cooperation Movement. Many Indians felt that British rule was unjust and

oppressive.

2. Khilafat Movement (1919-1924): This was led by Indian Muslims to protest the

dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire by the British after World War I. Gandhi

supported this movement to unite Hindus and Muslims in the fight for freedom.

3. Rowlatt Act (1919): This act allowed the British government to imprison any Indian

suspected of rebellion without trial, further fueling resentment against British rule.

Objectives:

The Non-Cooperation Movement aimed to:

• Boycott British goods, schools, courts, and offices: Gandhi encouraged Indians to

stop using British products and services to weaken their control.

• Promote Swadeshi (self-reliance): People were encouraged to use Indian-made

goods and support Indian industries.

• Non-violent resistance (Satyagraha): Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence was the

core of the movement. He urged people to protest peacefully without causing harm.

Major Events:

1. Boycott of British institutions: Indians stopped attending British-run schools,

resigned from government jobs, and stopped using British courts.

2. Swadeshi Movement: People were encouraged to spin their own clothes using the

charkha (spinning wheel), a symbol of self-reliance. This helped reduce dependence

on British textiles.

3. Hartals (strikes): Strikes and protests were held across the country, shutting down

shops and offices to demonstrate against British rule.

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4. Protests in Punjab: Punjab played a key role in the Non-Cooperation Movement. The

region, already angered by the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, saw strong participation

in protests, boycotts, and strikes.

End of the Movement:

The movement faced a major setback in 1922 when violence erupted in Chauri Chaura, a

small town in Uttar Pradesh. Protesters clashed with the police, and in retaliation, they set

fire to a police station, killing 22 police officers. Gandhi, a staunch advocate of non-violence,

called off the movement immediately, fearing it had deviated from its peaceful nature.

Impact and Significance:

1. Awakening of National Consciousness: The movement successfully united Indians

across different regions, religions, and social backgrounds in the fight for

independence.

2. Development of Nationalism: It marked the beginning of the mass mobilization of

ordinary Indians in the freedom struggle.

3. Weakening of British authority: The boycott of British goods and services hurt the

British economy and weakened their control over India.

4. Strengthened Indian industries: The emphasis on Swadeshi promoted Indian

industries and self-reliance.

Though it ended prematurely, the Non-Cooperation Movement was a critical step in the

Indian independence struggle. It showed that mass non-violent protest could be a powerful

weapon against colonial rule.

Quit India Movement (1942)

The Quit India Movement was another milestone in India's fight for independence.

Launched in 1942 during World War II, it was led by the Indian National Congress under

Gandhi's leadership. The movement was a direct call for the British to leave India

immediately.

Background and Causes:

1. World War II: During the war, the British dragged India into the conflict without

consulting Indian leaders. This angered the Indian leadership, particularly the

Congress Party.

2. Cripps Mission (1942): The British sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India to negotiate

support for the war, offering vague promises of self-governance after the war.

However, these promises did not meet Indian demands for full independence, and

the mission failed.

3. Growing Frustration: By 1942, many Indians were frustrated with British rule,

especially after years of failed promises for greater autonomy. Gandhi and the

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Congress felt it was the right time to intensify the demand for complete

independence.

The Call for ‘Do or Die’:

On August 8, 1942, the Congress passed the Quit India Resolution in Bombay, demanding an

end to British rule. Gandhi gave his famous call for "Do or Die", urging Indians to fight non-

violently until India gained independence.

Objectives:

The Quit India Movement aimed for:

• Immediate British withdrawal: The movement demanded that the British leave India

at once.

• Establishment of an independent Indian government: The goal was to have Indians

take control of their own governance.

Major Events:

1. Mass Arrests: On the day after the Quit India resolution was passed, the British

arrested all prominent Congress leaders, including Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. This left the movement leaderless.

2. Widespread Protests: Despite the arrest of leaders, protests erupted across the

country. People took to the streets, shouting slogans like “Quit India” and “British,

leave India.”

3. Role of Students and Women: Students and women played a key role in the

movement. In many regions, they organized protests, strikes, and demonstrations,

even in the absence of senior leaders.

4. Repression by the British: The British responded with severe repression, arresting

thousands of protesters, and using force to suppress the movement. Many people

were killed, and others were jailed for long periods.

Impact in Punjab:

The Quit India Movement had significant support in Punjab, particularly among students

and youth. However, the British administration in Punjab was well-prepared and responded

with strict repression, which limited the scale of the protests in the region compared to

other parts of India.

End of the Movement:

The Quit India Movement did not achieve its immediate goal of ending British rule. The

British government refused to grant India independence during World War II. However, the

movement created immense pressure on the British, and it became clear that they could

not continue to rule India indefinitely.

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Impact and Significance:

1. United Call for Independence: The movement united Indians in their demand for

freedom, even though it was violently suppressed by the British.

2. British Realization of Weakness: It made the British realize that their rule in India

was no longer sustainable in the long run. After World War II, the British government

was exhausted and economically weakened, making it difficult to maintain control

over India.

3. Post-War Negotiations: Though the movement was crushed, it set the stage for

negotiations after the war, which eventually led to India's independence in 1947.

4. Strengthened Resolve for Freedom: Despite its failure, the Quit India Movement

inspired Indians to continue fighting for their freedom, leading to the final victory in

1947.

Conclusion:

The Non-Cooperation Movement and Quit India Movement were crucial in India's long

struggle for independence. While both movements had different strategies and outcomes,

they shared the same goal – to end British rule in India. The Non-Cooperation Movement

awakened the masses to the possibility of self-rule, and the Quit India Movement galvanized

the entire nation to push for complete independence, setting the stage for India’s eventual

freedom in 1947. Both movements are remembered for their role in uniting Indians and

weakening British control over the country.

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